Biotechnology: Research & Third-Party Studies
Extensive and continued studies on GM crops have been conducted globally by both the public sector and the industry to ensure their ongoing safety. There are thousands of studies available confirming the safety of GMOs, with several hundred being completed by investigators fully independent of industry involvement. Below we have featured some of the more frequently cited third-party studies on the benefits, regulatory process, and food, feed, and environmental safety of GM crops.
- Benefits of GM Crops
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016) Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects.
- ISAAA. (2017). ISAAA Brief 52-2016.
- Graham Brookes, Peter Barfoot. (2017). GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996- 2015.
- Stuart J.Smyth, William A.Kerr, Peter W.B.Phillips. (2015). Global economic,environmental and health benefits from GM crop adoption.
- Wilhelm Klümper, Matin Qaim. (2014). A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops.
- Carpenter, Janet E. (2014). The socio-economic impacts of currently commercialised genetically engineered crops.
- Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo, Seth James Wechsler, Michael Livingston, and Lorraine Mitchell. (2014). Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States.
- A. M. SHELTON, D. L. OLMSTEAD, E. C. BURKNESS, W. D. HUTCHISON, G. DIVELY, HUTCHISON, G. DIVELY, C. WELTY, AND A. N. SPARKS. (2013). Multi-State Trials of Bt Sweet Corn Varieties for Control of the Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
- Mannion A.M. and Morse S. (2012). Biotechnology in agriculture Agronomic and environmental considerations and reflections based on 15 years of GM crops.
- Green J.M. (2012). The benefits of herbicide-resistant crops.
- Fernandez-Cornejo J, Hallahan, C., Nehring, R., Wechsler, S., & Grube, A. (2012). Conservation tillage, herbicide use, and genetically engineered crops in the United States: The case of soybeans.
- Finger R, El Benni N, Kaphengst T, Evans C, Herbert S, et al. (2011). A Meta Analysis on Farm-Level Costs and Benefits of GM Crops.
- Carpenter JE. (2011). Impact of GM crops on biodiversity.
- Celeres Ambiental. (2011). The Social-Environmental Benefits from Crop Biotechnology in Brazil: 1996-2010.
- Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge, Hallahan, Charles B., Nehring, Richard F., Wechsler, Seth James, Grube, Arthur. (2010). Conservation Tillage, Pesticide Use, and GM crops in the U.S.A.
- Qaim, Matin. (2009). The Economics of Genetically Modified Crops.
- Cerdeira AL, Duke SO. (2007). Environmental impacts of transgenic herbicide-resistant crops.
- Regulation of GM Crops
- VIGANI M., RAIMONDI V. and OLPER A. (2012). International trade and endogenous standards: the case of GMO regulations.
- Vigani M. and Olper A. (2012). GMO Standards, Endogenous Policy and the Market for Information.
- Moises Burachik. (2012). Regulation of GM crops in Argentina.
- Chris A. Wozniak , Annabel Fellman Waggoner , and Sheryl Reilly. (2012). Regulation of Agricultural Biotechnology: The United States and Canada.
- Alan McHughen, Stuart J. Smyth. (2012). Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops in USA and Canada: American Overview.
- Kalaitzandonakes N. (2011). The Economic Impacts of Asynchronous Authorizations and Low Level Presence: An Overview.
- Huang J. and Yang J. (2011). China’s Agricultural Biotechnology Regulations—Considerations.
- Kalaitzandonakes N., Kaufman J. and Miller D. (2011). Potential Economic Impacts of Asynchronous Approvals of GM crops on Latin American Countries.
- McDougall, P. (2011). The cost and time involved in the discovery, development and authorisation of a new plant biotechnology derived trait.
- Tim Durham, John Doucet, Lori Unruh Snyder. (2011). Risk of Regulation or Regulation of Risk? A De Minimus Framework for Genetically Modified Crops.
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2010). Guidance on the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants.
- E.E. McGinnis, M.H. Meyer and A.G.Smith. (2010). Analysis of U.S. Genetically Engineered Crop Regulation and Litigation.
- Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR). (2009). Risk analysis framework, April 2009.
- M. Rosso-Grossman. (2009). Protecting health, environment and agriculture: authorisation of genetically modified crops and food in the United States and the European Union.
- Claudia Paolettia, Eric Flammb, William Yanc, Sue Meekd, Suzy Renckensa, Marc Fellouse, Harry Kuiperf. (2008). GMO risk assessment around the world: Some examples.
- Kalaitzandonakes, N., J.M. Alston, and K.J. Bradford. (2007). Compliance costs for regulatory approval of new GM crops.
- Bruce Chassy. (2002). Food Safety Evaluation of Crops Produced through Biotechnology.
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1988). Guidance for the reregistration of pesticide products containing Bacillus thuringiensis as the active ingredient.
- Law Library of Congress. Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms.
- Food and Feed Safety of GM Crops
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects.
- Alison L Van Eenennaam, A.E. Young. (2014). Prevalence and impacts of genetically engineered feedstuffs on livestock populations.
- Alison L Van Eenennaam. (2013). GMOs in animal agriculture: time to consider both costs and benefits in regulatory evaluations.
- Agnes Ricroch. (2013). Assessment of GE food safety using ‘-omics’ techniques and long-term animal feeding studies.
- Henry-York Steiner, Claire Halpin, Joseph M. Jez, John Kough, Wayne Parrott, Lynne Underhill, Natalie Weber, and L. Curtis Hannah. International Life Science Institute (ILSI). (2013). Evaluating the Potential for Adverse Interactions within Genetically Engineered Breeding Stacks.
- Natalie Weber, Claire Halpin, L. Curtis Hannah, Joseph M. Jez, John Kough, and Wayne Parrott. (2012). Crop Genome Plasticity and Its Relevance to Food and Feed Safety of Genetically Engineered Breeding Stacks.
- Snell C, Bernheim A, Berge JB, Kuntz M, Pascal G, et al. (2012). Assessment of the health impact of GM plant diets in long-term and multigenerational animal feeding trials: A literature review.
- Rizzi, A., N. Raddadi, C. Sorlini, L. Nordgrd, K.M. Nielsen and D. Daffonchio. (2012). The stability and degradation of dietary DNA in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals: implications for horizontal gene transfer and the biosafety of GMOs.
- European Commission - Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. (2010). A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001-2010).
- Bruce M. Chassy. (2010). Can omics inform a food safety assessment?
- CAST. (2006). Safety of meat, milk, and eggs from animals fed crops derived from modern biotechnology.
- National Academy of Science(NAS). (2004). Safety of genetically engineered foods.
- Prepared by a Task Force of the ILSI International Food Biotechnology Committee. (2004). Nutritional and Safety Assessments of Foods and Feeds Nutritionally Improved through Biotechnology.
- Environmental Safety of GM Crops
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects.
- Garcia-Alonso M, Raybould A. (2013). Protection goals in environmental risk assessment: a practical approach.
- Henry-York Steiner. (2013). Editor’s Choice: Evaluating the Potential for Adverse Interactions within Genetically Engineered Breeding Stacks.
- Jorg Romeisa, Alan Raybould, Franz Biglera, Marco P. Candolfic, Richard L. Hellmichd, Joseph E. Huesinge, Anthony M. Sheltonf. (2013). Deriving criteria to select arthropod species for laboratory tests to assess the ecological risks from cultivating arthropod-resistant genetically engineered crops.
- Peggy G. Lemaux. (2012). Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist’s Analysis of the Issues (Part II).
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). (2012). Assessment criteria for determining environmental safety of plants with novel traits. Directive.
- Alan Raybould. (2012). Can science justify regulatory decisions about the cultivation of transgenic crops.
- Sanvido O, Romeis J, Gathmann A, Gielkens M, Raybould A, Bigler F. (2012). Evaluating environmental risks of genetically modified crops: ecological harm criteria for regulatory decision-making.
- Rauschen S, Schaarschmidt F, Gathmann A. (2010). Occurrence and field densities of Coleoptera in the maize herb layer: implications for Environmental Risk Assessment of genetically modified Bt-maize.
- Wolt JD, Keese P, Raybould A, Fitzpatrick JW, Burachik M, Gray A, Olin SS, Schiemann J, Sears M, Wu F. (2009). Problem formulation in the environmental risk assessment for genetically modified plants.
- Steven R Naranjo. (2009). Impacts of Bt crops on non-target invertebrates and insecticide use patterns.
- Lemaux, P.G. (2008). Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I).
- Jorg Romeis et al. (2008). Assessment of risk of insect-resistant transgenic crops to nontarget arthropods.
- Claudia Paolettia, Eric Flammb, William Yanc, Sue Meekd, Suzy Renckensa, Marc Fellouse, Harry Kuiperf. (2008). GMO risk assessment around the world: Some examples.
- Jian J. Duan, Michelle Marvier, Joseph Huesing, Galen Dively, Zachary Y. Huang. (2008). A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Crops on Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae).
- Alan Raybould. (2007). Ecological versus ecotoxicological methods for assessing the environmental risks of transgenic crops.
- Michelle Marvier, Chanel McCreedy, James Regetz, Peter Kareiva. (2007). A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Cotton and Maize on Nontarget Invertebrates.
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). White Paper on Tier-Based Testing for the Effects of Proteinaceous Insecticidal Plant-Incorporated Protectants on Non-Target Arthropods for Regulatory Risk Assessments.
- Olivier Sanvido, Michele Stark, Jorg Romeis and Franz Bigler. (2005). Ecological impacts of genetically modified crops. Experiences from ten years of experimental field research and commercial cultivation.
- A. M. Shelton, J.-Z. Zhao, and R. T. Roush. (2002). Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants.
- Mark K. Sears, Richard L. Hellmich, Diane E. Stanley-Horn, Karen S. Oberhauser, John M. Pleasants, Heather R. Mattila, Blair D. Siegfried‖, and Galen P. Dively. (2001). Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly populations: A risk assessment.
- Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1993). Safety considerations for biotechnology: scale-up of crop plants. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).